SECTION V - FACTORS INFLUENCING AND CONSTRAINING RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT

5.01 GENERAL

Development and management at Wappapello Lake is influenced by both physical and social factors. Several factors, such as the geology, archeology, history, ecology, environmental and scenic qualities and recreational development, were previously discussed in Section IV. The influence of these and other factors on resource management and development are examined in this section. It is the objective of the Corps to consider these factors in order to provide for the continued enjoyment and maximum sustained use by the public of the lands, waters, forests and associated resources, consistent with their carrying capacity and their aesthetic and biological values.

5.02 DEMOGRAPHIC

1. Population. Population in Wayne County, Missouri declined 19 percent between 1950 and 1970. Since that period, however, the downward trend has been reversed. Since 1970, population in Wayne County, Missouri has increased from 8,546 in 1970 to 11,543 in 1990 or 35 percent. Much of this growth can be attributed to increasing employment opportunities, especially in manufacturing and retail trade. Table 6 shows the forty-year pattern.




Butler County, Missouri experienced a parallel pattern to that of Wayne County. Between 1950 and 1970, population declined by 11.1 percent. This trend has been reversed with 1990 population in Butler County, Missouri growing about 16 percent from 33,529 in 1970 to 38,765 in 1990. Employment opportunity was the likely stimulus for this reversal. Table 6 shows the population pattern for Wayne and Butler Counties for this time period. Table 7 depicts population within a 75-mile radius of Wappapello Lake.



TABLE 6
POPULATION GROWTH

YEAR	WAYNE COUNTY, MO	BUTLER COUNTY, MO
1950	10,514	37,707
1960	8,638	34,656
1970	8,546	33,529
1980	11,277	37,698
1990	11,543	38,765

SOURCE: Census of Population, General Population Characteristics, 1950-1990.

TABLE 7
POPULATION WITHIN 75-MILE RADIUS OF WAPPAPELLO LAKE

COUNTY	19701	19801	19901
MISSOURI
Bollinger	8,820	10,301	10,619
Butler	33,529	37,693	38,765
Cape Girardeau	49,350	58,837	61,633
Carter	3,878	5,428	5,515
Dunklin	33,742	36,324	33,112
Iron	9,529	11,084	10,726
Madison	8,641	10,725	11,127
Mississippi	16,647	15,726	14,442
New Madrid	23,420	22,945	20,928
Oregon	9,180	10,238	9,470
Pemiscot	26,373	24,987	21,921
Perry	14,393	16,784	16,648
Reynolds	6,106	7,230	6,661
Ripley	9,030	12,458	12,303
Scott	33,250	39,647	39,376
Shannon	7,196	7,885	7,613
Stoddard	25,771	29,009	28,895
St. Francois	36,818	42,600	48,904
Ste. Genevieve	12,867	15,180	16,037
Washington	15,086	17,983	20,380
Wayne	8,546	11,277	11,543
ARKANSAS
Clay	18,771	20,616	18,107
Greene	24,765	30,740	31,804
Randolph	12,645	16,834	16,558
ILLINOIS
Alexander	12,015	12,264	10,626

^1/SOURCE: Census of Population, General Population Characteristics, 1970-1990.
2. Employment. Employment in Wayne County, Missouri has steadily increased since 1970. As shown on Table 8, manufacturing, construction, retail trade and professional and related services were key industries in Wayne County showing substantial growth during the 1970-1990 period. Not all industries grew in employment during this time. Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, Mining and Wholesale Trade experienced a decline in employment.




Table 9 depicts employment by industry for Butler County, Missouri for the period of 1970 through 1990. As with Wayne County, overall employment in Butler County has increased since 1970. Manufacturing, transportation and wholesale trade experienced some of the greatest growth during this period. The agriculture/mining industry experienced decline in employment during this time period.



TABLE 8
EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY WAYNE COUNTY, MISSOURI

INDUSTRY	19701	19802	19903
Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, and Mining	259	266	247
Construction	158	208	265
Manufacturing	569	1,028	1,295
Transportation	102	191	207
Communications, and Other Public Utilities	32	62	51
Wholesale Trade	163	128	62
Retail Trade	295	492	640
Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate	39	80	76
Business and Repair Services	59	59	83
Professional and Related Services	405	576	719
Public Admin.	107	132	117

SOURCE: ^1/General Social and Economic Characteristics, 1980, p. 27-472
^2/General Social and Economic Characteristics, 1980, p. 27-439
^3/Social and Economic Characteristics, 1990, p. 323
TABLE 9
EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY BUTLER COUNTY, MISSOURI

INDUSTRY	19701	19802	19903
Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, and Mining	827	815	696
Construction	672	986	990
Manufacturing	1,535	1,567	2,295
Transportation	513	575	1,367
Communications, and other Public Utilities	321	430	385
Wholesale Trade	337	465	523
Retail Trade	2,212	2,795	3,212
Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate	328	555	647
Business and Repair Services	212	496	483
Professional and Related Services	2,789	4,000	3,906
Public Admin.	383	667	552

SOURCE:^1/General Social and Economic Characteristics, 1980, p. 27-472
^2/General Social and Economic Characteristics, 1980, p. 27-439
^3/Social and Economic Characteristics, 1990, p. 323

3. Housing. Housing in Wayne and Butler Counties, Missouri has followed population trends. The number of housing units in Wayne County has increased from 2,894 in 1950 to 6,406 in 1990. This represents an increase of 121 percent. Butler County housing units have increased less, from 10,467 in 1950 to 17,046 in 1990, or about 63 percent. The number of people living in each housing unit has decreased from 3.0 to 2.2 in both counties according to U.S. Census documents. Table 10 shows housing units for Wayne and Butler Counties, Missouri from 1950 through 1990.


TABLE 10
NUMBER OF HOUSING UNITS

YEAR	WAYNE COUNTY, MO	BUTLER COUNTY, MO
1950	2,894	10,467
1960	2,790	10,915
1970	3,022	11,292
1980	5,667	15,901
1990	6,406	17,046

SOURCE: Census of Population and Housing, 1950-1990.
4. Economic Summary. Employment, population growth, and housing development show that Wayne and Butler Counties have reversed the declining trends of the 1950-1970 period. The 1970-1990 decades have shown substantial growth. Much of this reversal has been stimulated by employment opportunities, especially in the manufacturing, retail and professional services industries. The developments in and around Wappapello Lake are an important factor in this growth.




Land ownership in Butler and Wayne Counties is typical of rural areas. The single largest land ownership is in privately held land consisting of 86.9 percent in Butler County and 54.9 percent in Wayne County. The United States Forest Service accounts for the second largest holding which is 10.6 percent and 16.6 percent for Butler and Wayne Counties, respectively. Two significant differences in ownership between the Counties are 9,793 acres of wildlife refuge and 14,201 acres in state parks within Wayne County. Table 11 shows the characteristics of land ownerships for both counties.



TABLE 11
LAND OWNERSHIP DISTRIBUTION(1971)

	BUTLER COUNTY		WAYNE COUNTY
	ACRES	PERCENT	ACRES	PERCENT
U.S. Forest Service	48,330	10.6	84,396	16.6
Corps of Engineers	1,660	0.4	45,231	8.6
State Owned Forest Cropland	951	0.2	13,539	2.7
Private Owned Forest Cropland	4,732	.0	49,873	9.8
Forest Cropland (other)	80	0.0	10,758	2.1
State Owned Univ. of Missouri	3,910	0.9	2,640	0.6
Private Owned land	398,417	86.9	278,986	54.9
Wildlife Refuge	0	0.0	9,793	1.9
State Owned Parks	0	0.0	14,201	2.8
TOTAL	458,080	(100.0)	508,757	(100.0)

1/ Ozark Foothills Regional Planning Commission, Ozark Foothills Regional Profile, 1983

5. Age Distribution. Age distribution in Wayne and Butler Counties, Missouri is almost parallel. There are no abnormal or unusual characteristics among the age groups represented in Table 8. Over 50 percent of the total population for the two county area is in the prime working age group (20-64). The largest age group for the two-county area is in the 15-19 year age bracket. Wayne County has a slightly larger percentage of people in the retirement age bracket (65-85) than Butler County. Sometimes in rural areas, the working age population leaves to find employment, resulting in greater percentages of people in the younger and older age groups. It would appear that local employment opportunities have prevented the out-migration of the workforce between 20 and 64 years of age.



TABLE 12
AGE DISTRIBUTION BY COUNTY

AGE GROUP	WAYNE COUNTY, MO		BUTLER COUNTY, MO
	19801	19902	19801	19902
Under 5	690	696	2,640	2,533
5- 9	758	785	2,836	2,790
10-14	880	768	3,013	2,873
15-19	1,030	809	3,397	2,864
20-24	694	612	2,713	2,229
25-29	651	724	2,667	2,696
30-34	580	725	2,535	2,885
35-39	604	675	2,188	2,723
40-44	591	625	1,880	2,528
45-49	586	678	2,011	2,161
50-54	604	680	2,045	1,928
55-59	692	732	2,230	2,078
60-64	716	746	1,894	2,050
65-69	801	704	1,972	2,109
70-74	613	560	1,529	1,550
75-79	401	505	1,110	1,355
80-84	205	313	589	821
85+	181	206	443	592

SOURCE: ^1/ Census of Population, General Population Characteristics, Missouri 1980.
^2/Census of Population, General Population Characteristics, Missouri 1990.


6. Medical Facilities. Most of the medical facilities and services are located in Poplar Bluff, a community within Butler County. The three medical facilities are Doctor's Regional Medical Center, Lucy Lee Hospital, and the Veteran's Administration Hospital, . The three hospitals combined have 431 beds, a staff of 118 doctors,, 285 registered nurses, and 130 licensed practical nurses. There are 29 operating rooms with laboratories and diagnostic facilities.




Northwest Medical Clinic has 127 doctors, 32 osteopaths, 5 chiropractors, 14 dentists, 7 optometrists, 4 veterinarians, and 295 registered nurses, and 160 practical nurses. There are also 3 fully equipped ambulances. There are a total of 74 health care workers.



Medical facilities located in Wayne County are Lakeside Family Clinic, and Greenville Family Clinic. Lakeside Family Clinic has one nurse practitioner, one laboratory technician, one registered nurse, one laboratory and one diagnostic facility. Greenville Family Clinic has one staff doctor, two registered nurses, one laboratory facility and one fully equipped ambulance.



7. Summary. Stimulated by employment opportunities, especially in the manufacturing, retail and professional services sectors of industry, the Wayne/Butler County, Missouri study area has experienced population, economic and housing growth in the period of 1970 through 1990. The development in and around Wappapello Lake is an important factor in sustaining this trend. In order for this growth to continue, locals must adopt growth policies to stimulate greater diversification.

5.03 TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY AND SOILS

1. Topography. The topography of the lake is characterized by steeply sloping hills with excellent forest cover. The valleys, which are tributaries to the St. Francis River, are generally narrow. The lake lies adjacent to the Southeastern Lowlands province, an area of flat, poorly drained land that occupies extreme southeastern Missouri. To the immediate north of the lake lies the edge of the true Ozark Uplands, typified by the St. Francois Mountains which have their beginning in Sam A. Baker State Park. Here the land is steep and extremely dissected, with granitic outcrops prevailing.



2. Geology. The lands surrounding the lake are moderately dissected with outcrops of bedrock occurring along the streams. These outcroppings consist of Ordovician cherty dolomite and interbedded finely grained dolomite of the Gasconade Formation and sandstone and cherty and finely grained dolomite of the Roubidoux Formation. Some of the ridges extend a considerable distance in to the lake forming long bays and peninsulas of land; other are stubby with short bays. There is a difference of nearly 340 feet between normal pool elevation and the higher ridgetops.




Cleared fields on the level land along parts of the lake offer diversity for the wildlife. The wooded hills along the occasional bluffs near the lake add to the scenic value of the area. The northwest branch of the lake narrows to the point that it occupies only the old river bed. Although relatively large areas periodically flood along the river, this high water is only temporary and does not form a part of the lake.



3. Soils. The most abundant soil association at Wappapello Lake is that of the Clarksville-Fullerton-Lebanon series found on the cherty-stony uplands. They are developed from cherty limestones and occasionally interbedded sandstone and some shallow loess. The Clarksville is a cherty silt loam. It possesses a grayish brown cherty silt loam surface over a yellowish brown cherty silt loam mid-layer with a light silty clay loam subsoil. The soil is excessively to moderately well drained. Major problems are droughtiness, steepness, erosiveness, and low fertility. On the flat ridgetops, the Fullerton series possesses a cherty fragipan at 18-30 inches.




On some gently to steeply sloping areas are soils of the Baxter-Dewleyville-Hagerston series. These are red cherty soils developed from cherty limestone. The soils are similar to the above, being suited for forests, grassland, and orchards. Huntington silt loam occupies the first terraces of the bottomland. This is a deep, well drained, silty alluvial soil.



On the extreme bottomlands Enis soils may be found. These are similar to the above.

5.04 ACCESSIBILITY

1. Major Highways




Major access to Wappapello Lake is provided by two major U.S. highways, Routes #60 and 67, which intersect at Poplar Bluff, Missouri. Route #60 is an east-west highway that provides four lane access from Interstate 57 at Sikeston, Missouri to the east is being upgraded to four lane access from Springfield, Missouri to the west. Route 67 is a north-south highway that crosses the lake 1 mile south of Greenville, Missouri. It provides access from St. Louis, Missouri to the north, and Walnut Ridge, Little Rock and Corning, Arkansas to the south. Fifty miles of this highway is being studied for upgraded to a full four lane freeway. It is presently four lands for 13 miles north of Poplar Bluff and from Interstate 55 south of St. Louis to Frederickstown. Plate 4, "Road Network" displays these highways within the area.



2. Secondary Roads




Eleven secondary state highways provide direct access to the project. These include Highways 172, 34, 143, T, RA, W, PP, F, FF, D and BB. All of these are paved with bituminous asphalt and are in good condition. These roads are shown on Plate 4, "Road Network.



3. Country roads




All of the country roads located on the project are in Wayne County, with the exception of one in Butler COunty, and are maintained by the local county authorities. The conditions of the roads around the project range from poor to good. Some of these roads are narrow in width which reduces their carrying capacities during peak visitor weekends and presents hazardous conditions to the visiting public. Plate 4, "Road Network" shows the location of the county roads.



4. Access Roads to Recreation Areas.




The following access descriptions are the primary routes to travel used by the public to access Wappapello Lake recreation areas:



1. State Route T is a major access road to Wappapello Lake. It provides access across the dam and to OP-1, Spillway Recreation Area, R-1, Redman Creek Recreation Area and R-18,Eagle Point Recreation Area.



2. State Route RA from State Route T provides access to R-2, Rockwood Point Recreation Area and R-3 Baker Lodge Recreation Area.



3. State Route 172 from U.S. Highway 67 or State Route W provides access to R-4, Lake Wappapello State Park.



4. State Route W, also accessible for U.S. Highway 67 or State Route 172 provides access to R-5, Chaonia Landing Recreation Area.



5. State Route F accessible from U.S. Highway 67 provides access to R-6, Holliday Landing Recreation Area. Wayne County maintains a small section of this road (approximately 200) until it reaches the project boundary.



6. State Route 34 provides access to R-7, 34 Bridge Recreation Area.



7. U.S. Highway 67 provides direct access to R-8, North Greenville Recreation Area and R-9, Greenville Recreation Area.



8. State Route D is also a major access road to Wappapello Lake. It provides access to R-10, North Greenville Recreation Area, R-16, People's Creek Recreation Area and R-17, Sundowner Recreation Area.



9. State Route BB to County Road #531 provides access to R-11, Poole Lodge Recreation Area.



10. State Route BB to County Road #526 to County Road #527 provides access to R-12, Lost Creek Recreation Area.



11. State Route D to County Road # 523 to County Road # 522 provides access R-13, Camp SEMO Recreation Area.



12. State Route D to County Road # 521 provides access to R-14, Possum Creek Recreation Area and R-15, Camp Latonka Recreation Area.



5. Raising County Roads and Highway. Flooding of certain county roads and highways and raising of those roads and highway is explained in Section 10.



6. Undesignated Roads and Trails. The project had many access points located in remote areas, that were used primarily by fishermen and hunters. The majority of these "traditional accesses" were not maintained. In an effort to provide safe and adequate public access around the lake while protecting the natural resources, a Traditional Access Plan was prepared and approved that recommended the accesses to be maintained and remain open to the public and those to be closed. In addition, the plan identified areas on public land where primitive camping is allowed, and the regulations and facilities necessary to support primitive camping areas. More information on the Traditional Access Plan is provided in Section 10.

5.05 BOUNDARY MONUMENTATION

nt of the boundary line is certified. Work is progressing to complete field marking, and encroachment resolution. Encroachments have been a significant problem to completion of boundary monumentation.

An aggressive boundary maintenance and monitoring program is necessary to enforce established boundary lines and prevent future encroachments.

5.06 AREA OF INFLUENCE

Paragraph 5-02 above provides a detailed analysis of this subject. Plate 3 provides a graphic depiction of the zone of influence.

5.07 RELATED RECREATIONAL RESOURCES

Within the Wappapello Lake zone of influence, numerous recreational opportunities exist. A number of these have water oriented features similar to those at Corps of Engineer lakes. All, however, contribute to a rich choice of selected features and locations within the state and within 100 miles of the lake. Lands administered by Federal agencies are detailed in Table 13. Other public recreation areas managed by Federal and State Agencies are listed in Table 14.

Clearwater Lake, managed by the Corps from the Little Rock District, provides 18,000 acres of land and 1,600 acres of water for recreation uses. Located a short distance from Wappapello Lake, it offers many of the same activities such as swimming, boating, water-skiing, camping, picnicking, sightseeing, hunting and fishing.

A unique recreation area available in this part of the state is the Ozark National Scenic Riverway. The National Park Service administers 80,790 acres and 134 miles of natural streams on the Jacks Forks and the Current Rivers. Floating these streams can be a memorable experience.

The Mark Twain National Forest administered by the United States Forest Service contains 1,500,000 acres within the zone of influence. These lands vary to an extraordinary degree. Likewise the recreation opportunities vary site to site and present a wide choice to the user.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service administers the Mingo Refuge containing 21,676 acres of land and 4,713 acres of water. The area teems with wildlife, especially waterfowl. Birdwatching opportunities are outstanding compared to any other area of Missouri. Boardwalks and trails provide access to the marshes and islands within the swamp.

There are 12 state parks in this segment of Missouri. Variation of size, location, habitats, and recreation opportunities combine to give the users a rich mix from which to choose. At present these units contain 37,693 acres. The University of Missouri, College of Forestry has 7,308 acres adjoining public land at the lake. These lands are used for teaching and experimental projects. The University maintains a camp to facilitate these aims.

Table 15 lists the lands administered by the Missouri Department of Conservation. These lands comprise 77,491 acres at present. The Department has a varied list of recreation pursuits that are allowed in these areas. The uses are allowed if they are non-consumptive, do no ham to the resource, and do not endanger public health and safety.

This department has an active ongoing program to purchase state forests, wildlife areas, access areas and natural areas state wide. Such purchases are made possible by a state sales tax of 1/8 of 1%.

5.08 RESERVOIR PLAN OF OPERATION (Lake Regulation)

Operational concepts and plan of operation for Wappapello are explained in Paragraph 2.03 and in the OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT PLAN under separate cover.

5.09 FACILITY RELOCATION

Prior to lake operation, railroads, highways, and utility lines were relocated to the extent necessary to permit continued use.

5.10 EARTH BORROW AREAS

The lake has several old borrow areas within its boundaries. The borrow from these areas was used primarily for damconstruction and the construction of three dikes near the dam and U.S. Highway 67 relocation. The borrow areas have been revegetated and do not hamper the scenic qualities of the lake. All excavated areas have been revegetated to blend into the natural terrain.

5.11 WATER QUALITY

A water quality monitoring program is conducted every six weeks during the months of March through October. Samples are collected at three lake sites, one upstream site, and one downstream site in the outlet channel.

The state of Missouri has established criteria for contaminant levels in the state's water resources. These parameters include heavy metals, pesticides, herbicides, organics and other contaminants. The water quality sampling done reflects the minimal of parameters needed to indicate if the water is able to sustain adequate plant and animal growth and to ensure safety for human recreation.

The following parameters are analyzed: alkalinity, total organic carbon (TOC), iron, manganese, ammonia-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, ortho-phosphate, total phosphate, silica, total volatile suspended solids (TVSS), fecal coliform and fecal strepococcus bacteria, pH, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), chloride, chlorophyll, pheophytin-a, atrazine and alachlor.

In addition to water samples, sediment samples are taken once a year. This data provides supplemental information as to the relative amounts of contaminants transported by sediments versus contaminants dissolved in the water column. Trend analysis of this data is performed every five years. The parameters analyzed include: fourteen priority pollutant metals, total phosphate (TPO4), Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrate -N(NO3), total solids, total organic carbon (TOC), chlorinated pesticides and PCBs.

Annual water quality reports are written and submitted to each Corps lake. An annual division water quality management report is also submitted.

5.12 ADAPTABILITY OF SPILLWAY FOR PUBLIC USE

The emergency spillway at Wappapello Lake has been developed into a specialized day use area, which is a part of the Redman Creek Recreation Area (R-1) and the Spillway Recreation Area (OP-1). Facilities in the Redman Recreation Area include a 3-lane boat launching ramp, a car and trailer parking area, a tennis court, volleyball courts, a basketball court, a beach, a shelter, a playground and a water-borne comfort station. The Spillway Recreation Area development includes a one-lane boat ramp on the St. Francis River, a parking area and the Pine Ridge Trail entrance.

5.14 RECREATION ATTENDANCE AND FACILITY REQUIREMENTS

1. Existing User Demand. Existing user demand is reflected with 1997 visitation used as a basis for computations. Existing facility requirements are based on visitation, design criteria, and guidelines detailed in the Institute for Water Resource's Research Report 74-RI (Estimating Recreational Facility Requirements, Volume IV of V). Facility requirements are oriented toward key facilities which include camp sites, picnic units, boat launching lanes and beach area.



1. Facility Design Day Load. This determination represents the anticipated number of users visiting the project on an average weekend day during the peak month of use. Based on 1998 visitation, the present facility design day load is estimated at 28,258. (See Table 16, ACTUAL AND ESTIMATED ANNUAL ATTENDANCE).



2. Summary of Existing User Demand. Utilizing the facility design day load, participation rates for each activity requiring facilities, and the appropriate activity turnover rates, the principal recreation facility requirements were estimated. The existing facility user demand is presented in Table 17.



3. Summary of Existing Facility Supply. The existing supply of key park and recreation facilities is also presented in Table 5. The principal agencies developing facilities at Wappapello Lake are the Corps of Engineers and the Missouri Department of Natural Resources.



4. Evaluation of Existing Supply Demand. Comparison of existing supply and demand as presented in Table 17 indicates a need for the development of additional certain additional facilities.


TABLE 16
WAPPAPPELLO ACTUAL AND ESTIMATED ANNUAL ATTENDANCE
(1970-2020)

1970--(actual)	1,664,980
1971--(actual)	1,870,770
1972--(actual)	2,031,450
1973--(actual)	1,743,820
1974--(actual)	2,120,740
1975--(actual)	1,998,590
1976--(actual)	1,658,630
1977--(actual)	1,868,100
1978--(actual)	1,600,600
1979--(actual)	2,168,800
1980--(actual)	1,936,860
1981--(actual)	1,549,150
1982--(actual)	1,974,780
1983--(actual)	2,038,870
1984--(actual)	2,101,600
1985--(actual)	2,106,246
1986--(actual)	2,094,309
1987--(actual)	2,084,047
1988--(actual)	2,304,706
1989--(actual)	2,237,817
1990--(actual)	2,223,379
1991--(actual)	2,263,199
1992--(actual)	2,215,805
1993--(actual)	2,371,532
1994†-(actual)	2,238,778
1995†-(actual)	2,278,995
1996†-(actual)	2,198,918
1997†-(actual)	1,995,015
1998†-(actual)	2,017,391
2000--(estimated)	2,298,695
2005--(estimated)	2,382,912
2010--(estimated)	2,467,129
2015--(estimated)	2,551,346
2020--(estimated)	2,635,563

† VERS Data
TABLE 17
PRINCIPAL RECREATION FACILITIES: EXISTING SUPPLY AND DEMAND SUMMARY

Existing Supply					1998 Demand	Existing Excess/Shortage
Facility	Corps	State	Concessionaires	Total
Camp Units1	289	80	75	444	484	-40
Picnic Units	59	40	0	104	104	-
Boat Launch Lanes	37	4	3	40	46	-6
Swimming Beach Area (linear ft.)	--	--	0	1,150	1,089	+61

Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District, 1998.
^1/Total camping units excludes sites designated for primitive use.

5.15 PROJECTED USER DEMAND

Utilizing projected visitation, current planning and design criteria, and the procedures and guidelines outlined in the Institute for Water Resources' Research Report 74-RI (Estimating Recreational Facility Requirements, Volume IV), the projected recreation facility requirements through 2020 were computed and are presented in Table 16. Estimates of user demand indicated that number of basic facilities are insufficient to meet the calculated demand for the year 2020. According to the procedures noted above, facility deficiencies presently exist in terms of camping units, picnic units, boat launch lanes and beach area. Approximately 172 additional camping units, 36 additional picnic units, 16 boat launch lanes and 273 square feet of additional beach area are required to meet the demand calculated for 2020. Thirty-two additional camping units are proposed for the Greenville Recreation Area. No other development is anticipated at this time to fill these areas of facilities needs. The current level of launch lane development is considered sufficient to serve the boating public without creating an overcrowding situation on the water surface. APPENDIX 1 discusses the recreation facility development and future plans proposed by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, which contributes to the supply of picnic units, camp sites, and boat launching ramps.

5.16 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGIC CONCERNS

The Wappapello Lake project and vicinity provides potential habitat for a federally threatened wildlife species, the bald eagle. There are at least two active bald eagle nests within project boundaries. Bald eagles will be managed in accordance with the objectives of the Bald Eagle Recovery Plan.

In addition to the above, the list below shows other federally threatened or endangered species, or species of concern (formerly Category 2 candidate species) recognized by the Fish and Wildlife service. Efforts should be taken to minimize potential impacts to these species and their habitats.

The list below contains several state threatened or endangered wildlife and plant species which exists within or immediately adjacent to Corps lands encompassing Wappapello Lake.

Additional observations and field study are needed to determine the presence or absence of any or all Federal and State endangered or threatened plants and animals on project lands and waters since much of this information is incomplete. Any operation and maintenance plans or actions will consider any possible effects on all species documented in the area. A list of federal and state plant and wildlife species located or potentially located on project lands and waters is provided in Table 19 and Table 20 below.

The following Tables were developed with assistance from lake personnel, Mr. Gary Framer and Ms. Mary G. Henry of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife office in Columbia, Missouri, and Ms. Mary Lynn, Missouri Department of Conservation, Policy Analyst, Jefferson City, Missouri.

E - endangered
T - threatened
S - species of concern (Fish and Wildlife Service)
R - rare

E - endangered
T - threatened
S - species of concern (Fish and Wildlife Service)
R - rare